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Exercise Boosts Fat and Protein Metabolism in Diabetic Patients In the body, glucose, fat, and protein serve as major energy sources, and they can be converted or interchanged as needed. However, in diabetes, where insulin function is impaired and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle cells is compromised, disorders in lipid and protein metabolism accompany glucose metabolism issues. Lipid metabolism disorders in insulin resistance often stem from various metabolic dysfunctions. When triglyceride metabolism defects occur in adipose tissue, it leads to an accumulation of free fatty acids in the liver, triggering the overproduction of large, very low-density lipoprotein particles and causing high blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia. Insulin plays a crucial role in stimulating cell protein synthesis and inhibiting protein breakdown. In diabetes, insufficient insulin or reduced effectiveness results in weakened protein synthesis, increased protein breakdown, and a negative nitrogen...

Exercise Boosts Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes Exercise plays a vital role in boosting insulin sensitivity among individuals grappling with type 2 diabetes. This process unfolds across three key fronts: the overall level, the cellular level, and the intracellular signaling level. At the overall level , exercise chips away at fat accumulation by ramping up energy expenditure. Too much fat not only triggers obesity but also leads to lipid buildup in crucial cells like those in muscles, pancreas, and liver. This buildup can wreak havoc on cell function and dampen their response to insulin. Through exercise, lipid buildup in these cells dwindles, bolstering the capacity of muscle cells to gulp down glucose and the pancreas' ability to release insulin, thereby amping up insulin sensitivity . Digging into the cellular level , the uptake of glucose by muscle cells largely hinges on GLUT-4, a glucose transporter stationed on cell membranes. In a resting state, most GLUT-4 lurks wit...